托福阅览真题（干货）

托福阅览真题，2018年精选托福阅览真题 "托福阅览真题", "托福" 以下内容是修改收拾的关于2018年托福阅览真题。进入托福备战期间，期望我们守时抽出时刻来做一下托福阅览真题，不只

托福阅览真题，2018年精选托福阅览真题
"托福阅览真题", "托福"
　
　　以下内容是修改收拾的关于2018年托福阅览真题。进入托福备战期间，期望我们守时抽出时刻来做一下托福阅览真题，不只培育做题手感，还能前进做题速度。祝你们备考顺畅。
　
　　Passage1
　According to anthropologists, people in preindustrial societies spent 3 to 4 hours per day or about 20 hours per week doing the work necessary for life. Modern comparisons of the amount of work performed per week, however, begin with the Industrial Revolution (1760-1840) when 10- to 12-hour workdays with six workdays per week were the norm. Even with extensive time devoted to work, however, both incomes and standards of living were low. As incomes rose near the end of the Industrial Revolution, it became increasingly common to treat Saturday afternoons as a half-day holiday. The half holiday had become standard practice in Britain by the 1870's, but did not become common in the United States until the 1920's.
　　In the United States, the first third of the twentieth century saw the workweek move from 60 hours per week to just under 50 hours by the start of the 1930's. In 1914 Henry Ford reduced daily work hours at his automobile plants from 9 to 8. In 1926 he announced that henceforth his factories would close for the entire day on Saturday. At the time, Ford received criticism from other firms such as United States Steel and Westinghouse, but the idea was popular with workers.
　　The Depression years of the 1930's brought with them the notion of job sharing to spread available work around; the workweek dropped to a modem low for the United States of 35 hours. In 1938 the Fair Labor Standards Act mandated a weekly maximum of 40 hours to begin in 1940,and since that time the 8-hour day, 5-day workweek has been the standard in the United States.
　　Adjustments in various places, however, show that this standard is not immutable. In 1987, for example, German metalworkers struck for and received a 37.5-hour workweek; and in 1990 many workers in Britain won a 37-hour week. Since 1989, the Japanese government has moved from a 6- to a 5-day workweek and has set a national target of 1,800 work hours per year for the average worker. The average amount of work per year in Japan in 1989 was 2,088 hours per worker,compared to 1,957 for the United States and 1,646 for France.
　　1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
　　(A) Why people in preindustrial societies worked few hours per week
　　(B) Changes that have occurred in the number of hours that people work per week
　　(C)A comparison of the number of hours worked per year in several industries
　　(D) Working conditions during the Industrial Revolution
　　2. Compared to preiudustrial times, the number of hours in the workweek in the nineteenth century、
　　(A) remained constant
　　(B) decreased slightly
　　(C) decreased significantly
　　(D) increased significantly
　　3. The word "norm" in line 5 is closest in meaning to
　　(A) minimum.
　　(B) example
　　(C) possibility
　　(D) standard
　　4. The word "henceforth" in line 13 is closest in meaning to
　　(A) in the end
　　(B) for a brief period
　　(C) from that time on
　　(D) on occasion
　　5. The "idea" mentioned in line 15 refers to
　　(A) the 60-hour workweek
　　(B) the reduction in the cost of automobiles
　　(C) the reduction in the workweek at some automobile factories
　　(D) the criticism of Ford by United States Steel and Westinghouse
　　6. What is one reason for the change in the length of the workweek for the average worker in the United States during the 1930's?
　　(A) Several people sometimes shared a single job.
　　(B) Labor strikes in several countries influenced labor policy in the United States.
　　(C) Several corporations increased the length of the workweek.
　　(D) The United States government instituted a 35-hour workweek.
　　7. Which of the following is mentioned as one of the purposes of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 ?
　　(A) to discourage workers from asking for increased wages
　　(B) to establish a limit on the number of hours in the workweek
　　(C) to allow employers to set the length of the workweek for their workers
　　(D) to restrict trade with countries that had a long workweek
　　8. The word "mandated" in line 18 is closest in meaning to
　　(A) required
　　(B) recommended
　　(C) eliminated
　　(D) considered
　　9. The word "immutable" in line 21 is closest in meaning to
　　(A) unmatched
　　(B) irregular
　　(C) unnecessary
　　(D) unchangeable
　　10. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as evidence that the length of the workweek has been declining since the nineteenth century?
　　(A) The half-day holiday (line 7)
　　(B) Henry Ford (lines 11-12)
　　(C) United States Steel and Westinghouse (line 14-15)
　　(D) German metalworkers (line 21)
　　11. According to the passage , one goal of the Japanese government is to reduce the average annual amount of work to
　　(A) 1,646 hours
　　(B) 1,800 hours
　　(C) 1,957 hours
　　(D) 2,088 hours
　　参阅答案：
　　BDDCCABADCB
　　
Passage2
　Chemistry did not emerge as a science until after the scientific revolution in the seventeenth century and then only rather slowly and laboriously. But chemical knowledge is as old as history, being almost entirely concerned with the practical arts of living. Cooking is essentially a chemical process; so is the melting of metals and the administration of drugs and potions. This basic chemical knowledge, which was applied in most cases as a rule of thumb, was nevertheless dependent on previous experiment. It also served to stimulate a fundamental curiosity about the processes themselves. New information was always being gained as artisans improved techniques to gain better results.
　The development of a scientific approach to chemistry was, however, hampered by several factors. The most serious problem was the vast range of material available and the consequent difficulty of organizing it into some system. In addition, there were social and intellectual difficulties, chemistry is nothing if not practical; those who practice it must use their hands, they must have a certain practical flair. Yet in many ancient civilizations, practical tasks were primarily the province of a slave population. The thinker or philosopher stood apart from this mundane world, where the practical arts appeared to lack any intellectual content or interest.
　The final problem for early chemical science was the element of secrecy. Experts in specific trades had developed their own techniques and guarded their knowledge to prevent others from stealing their livelihood. Another factor that contributed to secrecy was the esoteric nature of the knowledge of alchemists, who were trying to transform base metals into gold or were concerned with the hunt for the elixir that would bestow the blessing of eternal life. In one sense, the second of these was the more serious impediment because the records of the chemical processes that early alchemists had discovered were often written down in symbolic language intelligible to very few or in symbols that were purposely obscure.
　1. What is the passage mainly about?
　A The scientific revolution in the seventeenth century.
　B Reasons that chemistry developed slowly as a science.
　C The practical aspects of chemistry.
　D Difficulties of organizing knowledge systematically.
　2. According to the passage, how did knowledge about chemical processes increase before the seventeenth century?
　A Philosophers devised theories about chemical properties.
　B A special symbolic language was developed.
　C Experience led workers to revise their techniques.
　D Experts shared their discoveries with the public.
　3. The bold word "hampered" in Line 1 Para 2 is closest in meaning to____.
　A recognized
　B determined
　C solved
　D hindered
　4. The bold word "it" refers to which of the following?
　A Problem.
　B Material.
　C Difficulty.
　D System.
　5. Which of the following statements best explains why "the second of these was the more serious impediment"(Underlined)?
　A Chemical knowledge was limited to a small number of people.
　B The symbolic language used was very imprecise.
　C Very few new discoveries were made by alchemists.
　D The records of the chemical processes were not based on experiments.

参阅答案
BCDBA??
　　
Passage3(中文翻译）
　　新美国从其殖民地长辈那里继承的雕塑遗产远非殷实，实际上，在1776年，雕塑作为一种艺术方法仍然把握在工匠和手技能者手中。石头雕刻者将他们的头骨和骷髅图像以及其他宗教去世图标刻在灰色的平板上，咱们今日仍然看到它们在陈旧的墓地里。一些熟练的手技能人为家私或建筑装饰制造精摹细琢的木制装饰品，而其别人则使木制商铺标志和船舶的傀儡堕入窘境。尽管他们常常以其初始的个性完成表达和方法上的杰出，但他们仍然是雕刻技能的技演员员，而且构成了一个与咱们一般认为的雕塑家在今日运用这个词时不一样的集体。
　　在很少量情况下需要一件精巧的雕塑时，美国人转向外国雕塑家，就像1770年纽约和南卡罗来纳州查尔斯顿市托付英国人约瑟夫威尔顿制造威廉皮特的大理石雕像相同。威尔顿还制造了乔治三世国王的首要马术形象，该形象于1770年在纽约创建，六年后被热心的爱国者撤消。在英格兰制造了一些带有雕刻半身像，骨灰盒或其他装饰品的大理石留念碑，并将其带到了教堂墙面上的殖民地 - 就像波士顿的国王礼拜堂相同。但雕塑作为一种高档艺术，由晓得其文艺复兴时期 - 巴洛克 - 洛可可长辈的艺术理论的艺术家以及建模，铸造和雕刻丰厚的三维方法的各种技能程序，
　　十八世纪不是开建议力雕塑概念的世纪。除此之外，未受过教育的工匠 - 开始被练习为石匠，木匠或橱柜制造者 - 怯弱地突击了他们在十八世纪后期在美国雕刻的前言。
　　1.这段经文的主旨是啥？
　　（A）对十八世纪工匠的作业有很大的需要。
　　（B）1770年代美国并不存在技艺精深的雕塑家。
　　（C）1776年今后，许多外国雕塑家在美国作业。
　　（D）美国雕塑家因短少东西和材料而遭到阻止。
　　第3行中的单词主题在意义上最接近
　　（一）东西
　　（B）打印
　　（C）签名
　　（D）方案
　　3.在墓地中可以看到以下哪项作业？
　　（A）欧洲雕塑家
　　（B）木匠
　　（C）石刻
　　（D）橱柜制造商
　　4.第6行中的其他词语指的是
　　（一）工匠
　　（B）装饰品
　　（C）装饰
　　（四）店肆招牌
　　第9行中的“distinct”一词的意义最接近
　　（独立
　　（B）拼装
　　（C）值得留心
　　（D）劣等
　　6.第11行中的“稀有”一词的意义最接近
　　（一）节日
　　（B）不常常
　　（C）令人开心
　　（四）意外
　　7.为啥作者在第13行说到Joseph Wilton？
　　（A）他是一位在美国作业的英国雕塑家。
　　（B）他以木雕而出名
　　（C）他为教堂制造雕塑。
　　（D）他于1776年在美国久居。
　　8.从英格兰进口大理石留念碑有啥可以揣度的？
　　（A）这种雕塑在当地出产比进口更廉价
　　（B）这种雕塑在美国不可以用。
　　（C）这种雕塑与当地制造的雕塑相同享有盛誉。
　　（D）国外发现的材料优胜。
　　9. 1776年美国雕刻师的作品与今世雕塑家的作品有何不一样？
　　（A）耗时少
　　（B）更风险。
　　（C）它更贵。
　　（D）不那么精美。
　　参阅答案：BDCAA BABD