教材资料◆初中英语知识归纳总结大全(打印版三)

初中英语知识点归纳总结大全，共40课时，由于资料较多，我们分四期推送。主要供中学生打印学习。今天是第三期。（方法菌） 第二十一课时动词时态的一致 时态的一致 时态的一致

初中英语知识点归纳总结大全，共40课时，由于资料较多，我们分四期推送。主要供中学生打印学习。今天是第三期。（方法菌）

第二十一课时动词时态的一致

时态的一致

时态的一致主要是指在主从复合句中，主句与从句之间的时态一致通常主句的时态决定从句的时态。原则是：当主句是现在时与将来时，从句的谓语根据具体情况可以使用任何时态。但是，当主句谓语使用过去时，从句必须使用过去时态。如下表：

主句谓语

从句谓语

含 义

一般现在时

现在进行时；一般现在时

主、从句的动作同时发生

一般将来时；will,can,may+动词

表示从句的动作在主句的动作之后发生

一般过去时

表示从句的动作在主句的动作之前发生

现在完成时

表示从句的动作在主句的动作之前发生

一般过去时

过去进行时；一般过去时

表示主、从句的动作同时发生

would，could，might+动词

表示从句的动作在主句之后发生

过去完成时

表示从句的动作在主句动作之前发生

1、宾语从句和间接引语与主句的时态一致，符合上述原则。但如果宾语从句表示客观事实和真理，即使主句谓语用过去时，从句的谓语也应该使用一般现在时：如：

Our teacher toldus a little knowledge isdangerous

我们老师告诉我们一知半解是危险的。

He saidthat light travelsfaster than sound.

他说光传播速度比声音快。

2、有些形容词后可以跟从句，这种从句常看成宾语从句，它的主、从句时态也符合上述原则。这些形容词有：afraid, glad, sure, sorry, certain, aware, confident, delighted, lucky, surprised, worried。如：

I’m surethat he will succeed.

3、主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句也要与主句的时态一致。如：

That is whyhe was late for school.

例题：

1. Miss Gao isn’t here. She _______ to the station to meet Mr Brown.

A. wentB. has goneC. has beenD. would go

2. ________ a letter from him since he left.

A. haven’t gotB. didn’t receiveC. didn’t haveD. haven’t feel

3. When I came in, they______ games in the room.

A. were playingB. are playingC. playedD. plays

4. Hurry up! The play ________ for ten minutes.

A. has begunB. had begunC. has been onD. began

第二十二课时被动语态（一）

教学重点

被动语态

在英语中，须通过动词的某种形式来表明句子的主语是动作的执行者还是动作的承受者，前一种句子是主动句，后一种是被动句。

英语的动词有两种语态形式，即主动语态和被动语态。如果主语是动作是执行者，谓语动词用主动语态。如果主语是动作的对象，谓语动词用被动语态。如：

They build this school.

They school is built by them.

1、被动语态的构成

“助动词 +（及物动词的）过去分词”构成动词被动语态的形式。助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be作为系动词的变化完全一样。如：

This kind of TV set is made in Guangzhou.（一般现在时）

The thief was arrested.（一般过去时）

A new road is being built outside my house.（现在进行时）

The man was being questioned by the police.（过去进行时）

Your wallet has been found.（现在完成时）

By the time we got there. The work had been finished.（过去完成时）

My sister would be taken care of by grandma.（过去将来时）

Your watch will be repaired.（一般将来时）

教学难点：

在英语里，有一些动词是不及物动词，后面不能跟宾语，所以没有被动语态。以下动词只有主动语态，没有被动语态。

appear, die, happen, fall, arrive.

2、五种时态的被动语态举例

①一般现在时

A lot of books are kept in our school library.

Radio is used in everyday life.

②一般过去时

A thief was caught last night.

They were asked to speak at the meeting.

③现在进行时

A new library is being put up in their school now.

The watch is being repaired.

④一般将来时

The class meeting will be held next Saturday afternoon.

The thieves will be arrested.

⑤现在完成时

My bag has been stolen.

Many stamps have been collected by me since last year.

3、主动语态变被动语态

①主动结构的宾语变为被动结构的主语。

②主动结构的谓语动词由主动语态变为被动语态。

③主动结构的主语变为介词by的宾语，组成介词短语，放在被动结构中谓语动词之后。在动作的执行者无须说明或不必强调时，by短语可以省略。

④主动语态、被动语态两种时态要保持一致。如：

We repaired the motor.

The motor was repaired by us.

第二十三课时被动语态（二）

教学重点

被动语态（二）

几种不同形式的被动语态

（1）含有直接宾语和间接宾语的主动结构，变为被动结构时，可以将其中一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般是主动结构的间接宾语变为被动结构的主语，这样句子显得自然一些。如：

He showed me his pictures.

I was shown his pictures by him.

I was sent a birthday present (by him).

A birthday present was sent to me (by him).

（2）含有复合宾语的主动句变为被动句的方法。

①将宾语变为主语，宾语补足语保留不动。如：

They call her little Li.She is called little Li.

He left the door open.The door was left open by him.

②make, let, hear, watch, see, feel, have, notice, help等动词后面作宾语补足语的不定式一般不带to，可是当变为被动语态时，后面的不定式必须带to。如：

My brother often made me do this and that when I was young.

I was often made to do this and that by my brother when I was young.

③含有情态动词的被动语态，是由“情态动词 + be+（及物动词的）过去分词”构成。如：

They can not find him.

He can not be found.

④短语动词的被动语态

一般说来，只有及物动词才有被动语态，因为只有及物动词才可能有动作的承受者。但有许多由不及物动词加介词及其他词类构成的短语动词，相当于及物动词，可以有宾语，因而也可以有被动语态。但应注意，短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，在变为被动语态时，不可丢掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。如：

They had put out the fire before the fire brigade arrived.

The fire had been put out before the fire brigade arrived.

They will set up a new public school here.

A new public school will be set up here.

You must take good care of these trees.

These trees must be taken good care of.

被动语态的基本用法

①不知道谁是动作的执行者或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。如：

Paper is made from wood.

The house is quite old, it was built in 1950.

He was wounded in the fight.

②需要强调动作的承受者时。如：

Calculator can’t be used in the maths exam.

Books and newspapers in the reading room mustn’t be taken away.

He was awarded first prize in that contest.

③为使语气婉转，避免提及自己或对方而使用被动语态，或由于修辞的需要使用被动语态使句子得以更好安排。如：

The construction of the new lab must be completed by the end of next month.

Electricity is used to run machines.

第二十四课时非谓语动词（一）

教学重点

动词不定式

在英语中，不充当句子谓语的动词，叫作非谓语动词。由于非谓语动词不受主语的限制，没有时态和语态，所以又叫非限定动词。非限定动词有三种形式：动词不定式；动名词和分词。

1、动词不定式

（1）动词不定式的构成和性质

动词不定式是一种非谓语动词，所谓非谓语动词就是不能作谓语的动词。正因为如此，它不受主语的人称和数的限制，没有人称和数的变化，但它具有动词的某些特征，可以带宾语和状语构成不定式短语。其构成是：“to + 动词原形”，否定式是“not to +动词原形”。to是不定式符号，无词义。

（2）动词不定式的用法

动词不定式除了不能作谓语外，可以作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。

①作主语

To learn English well is not easy.

To drive fast is quite dangerous.

不定式作主语时常常用it作形式主语，不定式放在谓语之后以上两个例句可以写成：

It is not easy to learn English well.

It is quite dangerous to drive fast.

这种用法可以归纳成这样一个句型：

It is (not) +形容词+ (for sb.) to do sth.

It is very expensive for me to buy a car.

It is very difficult for a child to do that job.

有些形容词之后跟of+ 名词（代词宾语）+不定式。如：

It is very kind of you to say so.It is very good of you to come.

②作表语。如：

My job is to teach English.The first thing is to ring him up.

③作宾语。如：

She wanted to ask you a question.He forgot to turn off the light.

We decided to hold a class meeting.

常见的可以用不定式作宾语的动词有：like, love, begin, start, try, ask, prefer, hate, find等，有些形容词可接不定式，这种不定式也可作宾语。如：

I’m very glad to see youHe’s sure to come.

④作宾语补足语

不定式是用来补充说明宾语的，通常不定式的动作是宾语发出的。可以带不定式作宾补的动词有：ask sb. To do sth. want sb. To do sth.

tell sb. To do sth. like sb. To do sth. help sb. (to) do sth.，还有些动词可以跟省略to的不定式作宾语补足语。如：hear, watch, see, feel, make, let, have等。如：

I often help my mother do housework.

The policeman asked the driver to stop.

The teacher asked us not to talk in class

I want you to buy some bananas for me.

We saw him play football.We felt the house shake.

⑤作定语：常常放在所修饰的名词、代词之后，如：

I have a lot of of work to do.He wants something to drink.

⑥作状语。如：

He went to the station to meet his friend.（表目的）

She has gone to the market to buy some vegetables.（表目的）

I’m so glad to hear that you have passed the exam.（表原因）

The boy is too young to go to school.（表结果）

（3）疑问词加动词不定式

疑问代词when, who, which和疑问副词when, where, why, how等加动词不定式，在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等成分。如：

I’m don’t know how to use the computer.（作宾语）

We can’t decide which one to buy.（作宾语）

The question is how to get there.（作表语）

When to start has not been decided.（作主语）

第二十五课时非谓语动词（二）

教学重点

动名词

动名词具有名词的特性，它在句子里主要起到主语、宾语和介词宾语的作用。

（1）动名词作主语

一般情况下表示一种抽象、泛指的动作，而不是一次性的具体的动作。动名词作主语时，常采用形式主语it。

Swimming in this river is dangerous.

It is dangerous swimming in this river.

（2）动名词作宾语

英语中有些动词只能接动名词作宾语，不能接不定式，这些动词有：

admit（承认）avoid（避开）can’t help（禁不住）

consider（考虑）deny（否认）enjoy（喜欢）

excuse（原谅）finish（完成）mind（介意）

practise（练习）miss（错过）suggest（建议）

I can’t help laughing.

I enjoyed reading this novel.

教学难点

动名词与不定式作直接宾语的比较

①remember doing sth.表示“记午过去做过的一件事”。

remember to do sth.表示“记得要去做某事”。

I remember seeing the man before.

②forget doing sth.表示“忘记曾做过某事”。

forget to do sth.表示“忘记去做某事”。如

I forgot to turn off the lights when I left the room

③regret doing sth.表示“对过去做过的一件事情后悔”。

regret to do sth.表示“对还没做，或正在做的事情感到后悔、抱歉”。如：

I regret telling you the bad news.

I regret to say I’m unable to help you.

④stop doing sth.表示“停止正在做的事情”。

stop to do sth.表示“停下来，去做另一件事情”。如：

We stopped to see what happened.

Let’s stop talking about it.

⑤try doing sth.表示“尝试着做某事”。

try to do sth.表示“设法做某事”。如：

I’ll try doing it in a new way.

I once tried to learn Japanese.

⑥mean doing sth表示“意味着，意思是”

mean to do sth.表示“打算，想要做某事”。如：

Giving up the job means missing a good opportunity.

放弃这份工作意味着错过了一个好机会。

I mean to help him with it.

⑦prefer to do sth ……rather than do sth

prefer doing sth. to doing sth.表示“喜欢做这件事而不喜欢做那件事”。如：

I prefer working to staying at home.

This pair of shoes needs repairing.

The walls of the room want whitewashing.

第二十六课时句子的类型（一）

句子的类型：陈述句

陈述句（包括肯定的或否定的）用来叙述一项事实。陈述句的结构分为肯定结构和否定结构两种。

1、陈述句的肯定结构

（1）主语与谓语的一致，句子中的谓语动词和主语在人称和数上必须一致。如：

I was having dinner when he came in.

He is now working at a bank.

①谓语只跟主语的中心词保持一致，修饰词不影响主语的数：

The quality of this kind of bike is poor.

There be结构和其他倒装句中，谓语通常放在主语的前面，这时谓语是单数还是复数，要依后面的主语而定，如：

There is no milk in the bottle.

There are no students iin the classroom.

②“one of ……”结构作主语，谓语应该用单数。如：

One of the students is absent.

Making things is a good activity.

What hurt her most is his words.

③由and连接两个或两个以上的名词，由“both…and…”连接的两个成分作主语，其谓语动词通常用复数形式，如：

Susan and Sally like pop music.

The worker and the peasant are going to give us a talk.

④单数名词后面有下面词语修饰时，主语不受这些词或词组的影响

with…. like…as well as…together with…

He, as well as his classmates, likes popular songs.

Mr Li, together with his wife and two songs, is on holiday these days.

⑤由连词“either…or…”,“neither…nor…”,“not only…but also…”,also, nor, or连接两个名词或代词，谓语动词的形式应与最近的主语保持一致

Neither I nor my brother is good at maths.

Either you or I’m wrong.

注意：表示数量、时间、距离、金钱等的复数名词作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。用于数学运算的数字作主语，谓语通常也用单数形式。如：

Ten pounds is enough.Two hours is a long time.

2、陈述句的否定形式

（1）带有系动词、助动词、情态动词的肯定句，只要把not, never加在这些动词后面，就能把肯定句变为否定，no通常否定名词或动名词

I’m not a doctor.I haven’t got a camera.

I have never met him before.

（2）若谓语是行为动词，前面又没有助动词和情态动词，只要在谓语动词之前加助动词do( does, did ) not就行。

I didn’t go to the concert yesterday.

He doesn’t speak English

（3）no修饰复数名词作主语，谓语动词要用复数。如果no修饰单数名词作主语，谓语动词要用单数。如：

No men are admittedNo man is admitted.

（4）表示部分否定的词有：not all, not everything, not everybody, not everywhere, not both, not always.

Not everybody enjoys fishing.

Not everything goes well.

第二十七课时句子的类型（二）

句子的类型：疑问句

疑问句是用来提出疑问的句子，疑问句末尾用问号“？”。疑问句一般分为：一般疑问句；特殊疑问句；选择疑问句和反意疑问句。

1、一般疑问句

(1) 含有系动词、助动词、情态动词的陈述句改为疑问句：要把这些动词提到主语的前面，句末用问号。

Are you a policeman?Must I go now?

(2)如果谓语是行为动词，它前面又没有任何助动词、情态动词，这时就要用助动词do ( does, did )来构成疑问句。

Does he often write to you ?

Did you enjoy yourself last Sunday?

2、特殊疑问句

(1) 特殊疑问句由“疑问词+一般疑问句”构成，其中一般疑问句又采取倒装或部分倒装的形式。

(2) 特殊疑问句的疑问词通常分为疑问代词和疑问副词两种。

3、选择疑问句

它的结构是“一般疑问句 + or+ 一般疑问句“，回答这类问题时要选择其中一种具体进行回答。

Is her brother a doctor or a teacher?

Her brother a doctor.

4、反意疑问句

反意疑问句由一个陈述句和一个简略形式的疑问句构成，中间用逗号隔开。通常有两种形式：

① 陈述句谓语用肯定形式 + 疑问句谓语用否定形式；

He is stupid, isn’t he?

② 陈述句谓语用否定形式 + 疑问句谓语用肯定形式；

He doesn’t like sports, does he?

(5) 如果陈述部分是主从复合句，那么疑问部分的谓语应该跟主语的谓语所用形式一样。

You never told us you are the headmaster, did you?

注意：

① used to用在句中时，也可用usen’t 或usedn’t来引起反意疑问句。He used to swim in winter, didn’t he? =

He used to swim in winter, usen’t he?

② 当陈述句中的主语为everybody, everyone, anyone, nobody, none, no one时，疑问部分通常要用they来代替。

Everybody admires him, don’t they?

③ 如果陈述句部分已经用了表示否定意义的词，如never, nothing, hardly,那么疑问部分应该使用肯定形式。

He never speaks loudly, does he?

④ 当陈述句部分的主语为everything, nothing, anything, something时，疑问部分的主语要用it.

Something is wrong with the machine, isn’t it?

Everything is in good order, isn’t it?

⑤祈使句的反意疑问句部分要用shall, will。

Let’s表示第一人称的祈使句，所以反意疑问句为“shall we?”, let me 和let us表示第二人称的祈使句，反意疑问句为“will you?”，其他行为动词引起的祈使句，反意疑问句都为“will you?”。祈使句的反意疑问句通常只有肯定形式。

Let’s go for a walk, shall we?

Let’s stop for a rest, will you?

⑥感叹句的反意疑问句要用“be”的现在时，对人的感叹，用“he”“you”等，对事物的感叹，用“it”，而且疑问部分必须用否定式。

What a clever boy, isn’t he?

What a wonderful lecture, isn’t it?

第二十八课时句子的类型（三）

句子的类型：祈使句 感叹句

祈使句表示请求、命令、建议等等，谓语动词一律用原形。句中通常不用主语，句末用惊叹号或者句号。

1、肯定的祈使句

(1) 句型：动词原形……（省略主语）。如：

Look at these holes!Please keep the classroom quiet.

(2) 有时，为了加强语气，可以在动词之前加do。

Do be quiet.Do study hard.

(3)祈使句中如果有呼语，一定要用逗号“，”隔开。放在句首或句尾。Come here, Li Ming.

2、否定的祈使句

(1)句型：Don’g + 动词原形……

Don’t make the same mistake.

Don’t look out of the windows.

(2) 祈使句与陈述句的改写

祈使句=You must ……

Be quiet. = you must be quiet.

Don’t make any noise = You mustn’t make any noise.

Please + 祈使句 = Will you please ……？

Please read after me = Will you please read after me?

3、祈使句Let…句型

Let作为动词常常用于祈使句，但表达意义不相同

Let表示“建议”后面跟第一人称代词作宾语。

Let’s go to school together!Let me try again.

Let表示“间接命令或愿望”，后面接第三人称代词作宾语。

Let him work out the problem by himself.

Let Li Ping be monitor.

感叹句表示说话时的惊讶、喜悦、气愤等情绪，带有强烈的感情色彩。感叹句主要有两种：

What + 名词词组；

What a beautiful day it is!

How+ 形容词或副词

How well they have learned English!

How well he swims!

注意：

What 修饰单数可数名词时，如果这一名词有形容词修饰，也可以用how来引导感叹句，但是不定冠词a, an要放在形容词的后面。

What a beautiful park!

How beautiful a park it is!

补充练习

按要求进行句型转换

1. We have many cakes for supper（变为否定疑问句）

2. I would like a cup of tea, please.（变为一般疑问句）

3. He is a teacher, (a student)（改为选择疑问句）

4. It is a nice box.（改为感叹句）

5. The workers are working hard. （改为感叹句）

6. Tom is sitting on the desk.（改为否定的祈使句）

7. Everything is ready, ___________ ?（以下改为反意疑问句）

8. This isn’t your book, _____________ ?

9. Don’t look out of the window, _____________ ?

第二十九课时句子的分类（一）

简单句及简单句的五种基本句型

1、SVC结构（主语+系动词+表语）

在这种句型中，动词必须是系动词，在动词之后跟有表语。表语可以是名词（词组），形容词（词组），副词（词组）等。如：

The teacher is kind.She looks fine.

My son became a doctor at last.

系动词除be外，常见的还有keep, look, feel, smell, sound, taste, grow, get, go, turn

2、SV结构（主语+不及物动词）

(1) 在这个结构中，动词是不及物动词，动词后边没有宾语，如：

My head aches.He is singing.

(2) 有些动词后边必须带有状语，否则意思就不明确。如：

The professor lives in Beijing.

We stayed in China for a few days.

常见的不及物动词有：sleep, walk, swim, happen, take place, go, come, work, laugh, stay.

3、SVO结构（主语+及物动词+宾语）

在这个结构中，谓语动词必须是及物动词，在动词后边跟有宾语。

He can drive a car.They speak English.

有些不及物动词后面加上介词或副词可以把它看成一个及物动词，这时后边可接宾语。

Please listen to me carefully.

4、SVOO结构（主语+动词+间接宾语+直接宾语）

(1) 双宾语结构 在这个结构中，动词是带有双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的及物动词。直接宾语多指物，间接宾语多指人。常用的带有双宾语的动词有：give, send, tell, bring, lend, buy, teach, get, call, do, ask, wish, offer等。

He gave the inspector his passport.

My father taught us English.

(2) 宾语的位置

间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前，但是，如果为了强调间接宾语或者由于间接宾语较长，常把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后，这时要在间接宾语的前面加上适当的介词。如：

The old man bought his daughter a nice scarf.

The old man bought a nice scarf for his daughter.

Give the teacher this book.=Give this book to the teacher.

5、SVOC结构（主语+动词+宾语+宾语补足语）

在这种结构中，宾语补足语是用来补充说明宾语的。

(1)在某些及物动词后，需要一个宾语再加上一个宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思，这样的宾语和宾补称为复合宾语。名词、形容词、不定式、分词、副词都可以作宾补。

(2)常跟复合宾语的动词有：call, name, make, think, find, leave, keep等。如：

His mother finds him a clever boy.

Please keep the room clean.

(3) 在see, watch, look at, listen to, hear, feel, let, make（使）, have（使）等这些词后的宾补，如果是不定式担当的，则省去“to”，但变为被动语态时“to”要还原。如：

I heard a man knock at the door three times.

A man was heard to knock at the door three times.

诗歌

并列句 there be结构 复合句

1、并列句：由连词连接两个分句组成的句子叫并列句。这些分句平等并列，而且同等重要，能够独立成句。连接分句的有并列连词和主丛连词。

并列连词有：and, but, or, nor, for, while, either…or…, neither…now, not only… but also…

主从连词有：so, however, still, yet, then

并列句中的前后两句可以根据意思划分为四种关系。

(1) 同等关系：and / not only…but also / neither…nor…

He could neither read nor write.

He not only studies hard, but also likes sports.

(2) 转折关系：but / yet / still / while / when

Tom was not there but his brother was ( there )

(3) 选择关系：or / either… or…

Either you didn’t understand this, or you were not careful enough.

(4) 因果关系：for / so

He hurried, for it was getting dark.

He liked the book very much, so I gave it to him.

2、there be结构

英语中“there + be + sb. /sth.+地点”结构表示“某处有某人或某物”。There是引导词，本身没有意思，be是谓语动词，be后面是主语，be必须和主语的数保持一致。如：

There is a garden behind the house.

There are two books on the desk.

如果主语部分是两个以上的并列主语时，be一般和邻近的主语的数保持一致。如：

There is a cup and two books on the desk.

There are five students and a teacher in the classroom.

3、复合句

复合句中包括两个或更多的分句，其中一个分句是主句，其余的分句是从句。从句就是一个分钟在主句中充当一个成分，如主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等。从句在句子中作什么成分就叫什么从句。

1、主语从句

用作主语的从句叫作主语从句，主语从句一般都是作谓语动词的主语，偶尔也可以作分词的主语。

(1)由what, that引导的主语从句

What she likes is watching the children play.

It is right that you told him the truth.

(2) 由连接副词whether, when, how, where, why引导主语从句。

Why the fire broke out at night remains a mystery.

Whether we can help you is a difficult question.

When the meeting will be held has not been decided.

2、表语从句

通常由that, what, where, why, how等连接词引导。

(1) if, whether, that引导表语从句。

The question is that we must be good at learning from others.

(2) what, which, who等连接代词

That is what I want to tell you.

The question is which of the classes we choose to be the excellent one.

(3) how, when, where, why等连接副词。

The question is how we can help him.

That is why he has been late.